Article last updated in March 2025.
Direct air capture (DAC) technology has gained traction in the climate space as a hopeful method for eliminating excessive CO2 emissions accumulated in the atmosphere.
This tech-powered approach uses chemical or physical processes to extract carbon dioxide directly from ambient air.
Once the CO2 is captured, it either gets stored for long periods of time, a method known as Direct Air Carbon Capture and Sequestration (DACCS), or it gets repurposed into the production of different materials, a process called direct air capture and utilization.
A recent study conducted by the Research & Innovation division of French multinational electric utility company ENGIE classified DACCS as one of the most promising carbon-tackling technologies currently available on the market due to its performance in terms of impact duration and a positive environment, social, governance (ESG) performance.
Although promising, this technology faces many challenges when it comes to scaling to substantial levels, as DAC systems are conventionally known to be high-cost and energy-demanding.
Trying to create a balanced solution that would perform effectively and deliver climate-relevant results at an affordable cost rate (often pursuing a $100/tonne rate) that would enable larger deployment, companies around the globe are coming up with different DAC approaches that offer optimistic climate scenarios for the future.
In January 2025, the US Department of Energy (DOE) released a comprehensive list of companies active in the DAC sphere, identifying 142 such businesses on a global level. 81 of those DAC developers are based in North America, while the other companies are mainly clustered in Western Europe.
The list of DAC companies provided here is our observance of the prominent industry names active and making progress within the past year or two, limiting our count to the top 20 ones, named in alphabetical order.
As we list these 20 companies, we also acknowledge that the sphere of direct air capture boasts many other drivers of positive change, and we continue to keep a keen eye on the milestones achieved within this field.
With that being said, here is our list of the Top 20 Direct Air Capture companies in 2025.
- AirCapture
- Avnos
- Capture6
- CarbonCapture Inc.
- Carbon Collect Limited
- Carbon Engineering
- Carbyon
- Climeworks
- Deep Sky
- Heirloom
- Mission Zero Technologies
- Octavia Carbon
- Origen
- Phlair
- Removr
- RepAir Carbon
- Sirona
- Skytree
- Soletair Power
- Spiritus
AirCapture
Founded in 2019 by CEO Matt Attwood and Head of Commercialization Bob Wilson, AirCapture has created modular, on-site DAC systems that filter the air from carbon dioxide.
These novel units can be integrated directly into existing production lines of commercial and industrial manufacturers, where they collect CO2 on location.
The captured, pure CO2 can then be applied into new products, or it can get sequestered.
This technology can be applied in a wide range of industries, including beverage and dry ice production, concrete manufacturing, synthetic fuels, greenhouses, and vertical farming.
AirCapture has deployed a DAC machine to capture atmospheric CO2 in Berkeley, California.
In 2023, the company partnered with 44.01 to explore Direct Air Capture (DAC) + Mineralization in Oman, joining forces on Project Hajar, an initiative listed among the fop 20 finalists in the XPRIZE Carbon Removal competition.
The two companies are also partnering on a DAC and mineralization project in Fujairah, United Arab Emirates.
The company ended 2024 on a high note, having formed strategic partnerships that expand its global reach and having proven the commercial viability of its solution, fortified by successful tech deployments.
Recently, AirCapture received verification from the international society of beverage technologists (ISBT), which graded its captured liquid CO2 with a 99.998% purity rate, placing it beyond the requirements for beverage-grade CO2 and proving its suitability for the food and drinks industry.
Avnos
Avnos, a trailblazing carbon removal company, is redefining the idea of direct air capture, led by a vision of “Carbon Negative. Water Positive.”
The company has developed a pioneering Hybrid Direct Air Capture (HDAC) technology that, besides capturing atmospheric CO2 also captures H2O molecules, producing distilled quality water via a process that doesn’t require heat and significantly reduces the costs conventionally associated with DAC technology.
In 2024, this patented technology raised $36 million in funding, boosting the company’s commercialization plans.
The promising potential of HDAC has also been recognized by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Office of Naval Research, both of which have backed the operations of Avnos financially.
Founded in 2020, Avnos has already unveiled its first operational pilot project in Bakersfield, California. The company is also working on a second, state-of-the-art research and development facility in Bridgewater, NJ.
Relevant: “We Are The Only Water Positive Company In Direct Air Capture” – Will Kain, Avnos Founder & CEO
In a 2025 interview with Carbon Herald, Will Kain, Avnos Founder & CEO, shared, “As an overall matter, we reduce the total energy consumption as compared to the rest of the DAC space by 50% or greater because our energy consumption is all electric.”
He explained, “There’s no thermal input, which is the largest single component of energy consumption in those thermal swing systems. This, we believe, gives us a pathway to the lowest cost of a delivered ton of CO2 in the carbon removal space.”
“We are water positive where nobody else is water positive, in direct air capture, producing five tons of water.”
Capture6
Capture6 has developed a DAC technology that uses input sources like seawater and is primarily focused on water treatment sites.
Using the already available infrastructure at desalination plants and water recovery systems, the company uses a simplified DAC version to convert carbon dioxide into carbonates.
It also uses excess salty water (which is usually returned to the ocean) to create its CO2 removing solvent. This allows for the recovery of up to 70% of the water treatment reject, creating value both in terms of carbon removal as well as water availability.
Based in Berkley, California, the company was founded in 2021 by CEO Ethan Cohen-Cole and President Luke Shors. In its short time of existence, it has positioned itself as a leading brand in the carbon removal industry.
Currently, Capture6 is a developer of 4 ambitious carbon removal and water recovery projects located on 3 continents.
Project Monarch (California), Project Octopus (South Korea), Project Wallaby (Western Australia) and Project Tuatara (New Zealand) are the four landmark sites comprising the company’s global pipeline of activities.
Last year, Capture6 made a 1,000 tons CO2 removal prepurchase deal with Shopify and Stripe, facilitated by Frontier. Towards the end of 2024, the company also secured a long-term carbon removal credits investment by financial services group Rothschild & Co, locking in a financial boost that will drive the advancement of its network of projects.
Going forward, Capture6 will fuel its operations with a $27.5 million Series A and project funding acquired in March 2025 in a round led by Tetrad Corp. and backed by many other industry front-runners.
CarbonCapture Inc.
CarbonCapture Inc’s approach to direct air capture relies on technology that utilizes innovative molecular sieves, low-cost renewable energy, and tunable purpose-built systems.
Its DAC machines are powered by renewable energy, using solid sorbent technology in a cyclic process that filters carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The CO2 captured in this process can be injected in underground storage.
Founded in 2019 by William T Gross and Andrea Pedretti, the company is spearheaded by seasoned executive expert Adrian Corless as CEO.
Securing a $35 million Series A funding in 2021, Carbon Capture Inc. set out to develop and refine its DAC technology, establishing its brand as a trusted manufacturer of DAC units and supplier of carbon removal credits.
In August 2023, CarbonCapture Inc. and its collaborators were selected to receive over $12 million in funding from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to be channeled towards the company’s Regional DAC Hub in Wyoming called Project Bison.
This plan, announced in partnership with Frontier Carbon Solutions, intended to capture and permanently remove 5M tons of atmospheric CO2 annually by 2030.
However, towards the end of 2024, Carbon Capture Inc. announced that it is pausing the development of Project Bison, as the company was unable to secure renewable energy sources for its operations amidst a rapidly growing competition from data centers.
Another $80 million funding acquired in 2024 has enabled the company to launch the production of its DAC systems domestically in the United States, with its first manufacturing facility slated for completion in 2025 in Mesa, Arizona.
Following this update, in June 2024, Carbon Capture Inc. released the Leo Series of systems, the first U.S. direct air capture (DAC) system designed for mass production.
The company has also experienced a strong demand for its carbon removal credits, locking in more than $26 million in sales with customers the likes of Microsoft, Boston Consulting Group, and others.
In 2025, Carbon Capture Inc. signed a nearly $10 million contract with the US DOE, partnering on the TA-2 Northwest Louisiana DAC Hub. This grant builds on CarbonCapture’s existing TA-2 project in Arizona, as well as its two TA-1 projects in California and Illinois.
Additionally, the company is collaborating on a new project led by Arizona State University and funded by the DOE to create a multisite DAC hub in the Southwestern United States.
Carbon Collect Limited
Carbon Collect is an Ireland-based DAC company developing a technology called MechanicalTrees™. According to the company, its artificial trees are a thousand times more efficient than natural trees at removing CO2 from the air.
Founded in 2018, the company was originally called Silicon Kingdom Holdings Limited, rebranding to Carbon Collect Limited in 2021.
Carbon Collect Limited possesses the trademarks Carbon Collect™, CarbonCollect™, MechanicalTree™ and MechanicalTrees™.
Its decarbonization approach is based on a technology developed by Dr. Klaus Lackner, a pioneering figure in carbon capture, and his team at Arizona State University’s Centre for Negative Carbon Emissions.
Professor Lackner is also one of the individual investors in Carbon Collect.
By utilizing natural airflow to capture CO2, the company managed to create a DAC approach that eliminates the need for energy-intensive fan systems conventionally needed to draw in enormous volumes of air.
This significant breakthrough was named Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC).
In 2022, the company raised almost $12 million in funding, gathering support from both domestic and foreign governmental agencies, such as Enterprise Ireland and the US Department of Energy (DOE).
As part of its scaling journey, Carbon Collect has already deployed its first operational commercial-scale MechanicalTree™ in Tempe, Arizona and its further growth plans are being backed by the DOE.
In 2024, the company achieved another milestone by introducing the Gen-II MechanicalTree™, a refined and advanced version of its original technology that employs non-metallic materials for the capture system.
The upgraded process allows for lower carbon capture costs and better environmental performance, brining the company one step closer to reaching their goal of capturing CO2 at a price of under $200 per ton by 2030.
Said to carry a design compatible with clients of varying types and sizes, the Gen-II MechanicalTree™ is slated to enter its first commercial deployments in 2025.
Carbon Engineering
Carbon Engineering is a Canadian company developing DAC technology as part of its mission to commercialize carbon removal.
Its DAC mechanism works by drawing in large volumes of air into a filter system, where CO2 is absorbed into a liquid solution of potassium hydroxide.
The solution is then distilled down to sand-grain-sized pellets of calcium carbonate, which then get superheated to 900° C to produce pure carbon dioxide gas.
In 2015, the company launched its first pilot in Squamish, British Columbia, Canada and in 2017, it incorporated fuel synthesis capability into the DAC pilot plant and converted CO2 into fuel for the first time in December 2017.
Currently, Carbon Engineering’s solution delivers synthetic, low carbon intensity fuels – such as gasoline, diesel, and jet-A.
Squamish, British Columbia, is also home to Carbon Engineering’s first innovation center, launched in 2021 with the idea of providing a research and development space for DAC innovations.
Following these developments, in 2023, Carbon Engineering was acquired by Oxy Low Carbon Ventures, a subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum, for $1.1 billion.
Together with Oxy and 1PointFive, Carbon Engineering is working on deploying technology at the Stratos Direct Air Capture (DAC) facility under construction in Ector County, TX.
Expected to be commercially online by mid-2025, this facility will represent the largest Direct Air Capture facility in the world, with an annual capture capacity of 500,000 tonnes of CO2.
Carbyon
Selected as one of 15 winners of the Milestone Award in the XPRIZE Carbon Removal competition, Carbyon has developed a cost- and energy-efficient DAC method.
Based in Eindhoven, the Netherlands, Carbyon is a spin-off from the Dutch research institute TNO, where its founder Hans De Neve explored the use of thin film technologies for new solar PV materials.
Founded in 2018, the company’s DAC method builds on years and years of semiconductor technology developments.
Its high-tech edge lies in the fast swing technology. Once CO2-polluted air is blown directly into the DAC system, this technology is able to saturate the sorbent material up to 90% in a matter of 100 seconds.
When the sorbent material reaches full saturation, it gets heated to about 150°C to separate the captured CO2.
Designed for reliable and low-cost operation in all outdoor conditions, this technology is delivered in modules that can be stacked into DAC machines and plants.
In a 2024 partnership with Canada-based CDR developer Deep Sky, Carbyon announced plans to install two Air Processing Units (APUs) at the Deep Sky Labs innovation facility in Québec, where each of the APUs would remove 50 tons of CO2 annually.
Towards the end of last year, the company successfully raised €15.3M ($16.9M) in a Series A funding round that will allow it to prepare its innovative technology for scale up and commercialization.
Climeworks
Both a pioneer and a giant in its field, Climeworks is recgonized as one of the trailblazers in the carbon removal industry.
Founded in 2009 by Christoph Gebald and Jan Wurzbacher, the company develops large-scale DAC plants based on a modular system of CO2 collectors.
Its collectors, each the size of a small car, can be configured to create a plant of any size to extracts CO2 from the air.
The technology draws in air through a fan located inside the collector. The air then passes through a filter inside the collector, where the CO2 particles get trapped.
Once the filter is full of CO2, the collector closes, and the temperature rises to about 100°C, releasing the accumulated CO2 for capture.
The captured carbon dioxide is then concentrated and purified, making sure its suitable for storage provided by Climeworks’ partners which inject the CO2 in underground storage sites. For its Iceland operations, the company has partnered with Carbfix for its CO2 storage needs.
Building on its experience from launching the world’s first commercial DAC project in Hinwil Switzerland and a demo project at the Hellisheiði Power Station in Iceland, in September 2021, Climeworks unveiled Project Orca – the largest DACCS facility in the world, capturing 4,000 metric tons of CO2 per year.
The carbon dioxide removal activities of Project Orca have been certified by the Puro Standard.
In May 2024, the company launched Project Mammoth in Iceland, setting in motion its second landmark commercial DACCS project expected to be ten times bigger than its predecessor plant.
Climeworks has also partnered with Battelle and Heirloom to develop a direct air capture hub in Louisiana called Project Cypress. This plan has garnered financial support from the US Department of Energy, securing $50 million in funding.
To handle and permanently store the captured CO2 from its DAC operations at Project Cypress, Climeworks has partnered with CapturePoint Solutions.
As the company celebrated its 15th birthday in November 2024, it reflected on wrapping up a successful year, during which Mammoth successfully completed the first audit by the Puro Standard and the company announced its Generation 3 DAC technology, enhanced with novel structured sorbent materials that reduce the time needed for CO2 capture and release.
Additionally, 2024 saw the launch of Climeworks Solutions, a portfolio offering for carbon dioxide removal, under which the company sealed its first deal with Swiss company Breitling, signing a 12-year agreement.
Deep Sky
Although the company classifies itself as tech-agnostic, Deep Sky is a carbon removal developer making meaningful and hastened efforts for scaling DAC technology.
Based in Quebec, Canada, Deep Sky is taking bold steps to accelerate the advancement of carbon removal, and on this journey, the company is exploring and optimizing both DAC and Direct Ocean Capture technologies.
Deep Sky has set out to create its flagship project named Deep Sky Alpha (formerly known as Deep Sky Labs), which will serve as the world’s first cross-technology carbon removal innovation and commercialization center, based in Alberta, Canada.
Slated to become operational in the spring of 2025, this ambitious site will deploy up to 10 different DAC technologies at a time over a 10-year period, potentially increasing the number of technologies in the future, with the aim of removing 30,000 tons of carbon dioxide.
After announcing this major project in August 2024, the following month, Deep Sky received $1.8 million in funding from the National Bank of Canada and BMO, and in November 2024, the company locked in carbon removal credit sales with the Royal Bank of Canada and Microsoft.
Towards the end of last year, the company also secured a $40 million investment from Bill Gates-backed firm Breakthrough Energy Catalyst to support the development of the Deep Sky Alpha project.
To power Deep Sky Alpha with renewable energy, in the beginning of 2025, Deep Sky entered into a 10-year Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with UK-based renewable energy company Low Carbon.
Besides Deep Sky Alpha, the company’s portfolio of projects also includes Deep Sky One, Bécancour and Thetford Mines.
Heirloom
A 2022 winner of the $1 million XPRIZE award, Heirloom is a company developing a DAC method based on carbon mineralization.
Its approach uses crushed limestone, a material that captures atmospheric CO2 in a naturally occurring process that typically takes years.
The limestone is heated in a renewable energy-powered kiln to release the CO2 for capture.
The captured carbon dioxide can then be stored underground for permanent sequestration or used towards the production of goods.
In this regard, Heirloom has partnered with CarbonCure – a company that utilizes the captured CO2 in concrete manufacturing.
The calcium oxide powder that results from the limestone heating is mixed with water to form calcium hydroxide that is then spread again on large trays to continue with the carbon mineralization process.
Founded in 2020, the company is working towards a target of removing billions of tons of atmospheric CO2 by 2035 via its DAC technology.
Heirloom started off with an undisclosed amount of seed funding secured in 2021, followed by a $53 Million Series A funding round in 2022 that fueled its growth and development.
In 2023, together with U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer M. Granholm, Heirloom launched its first commercial DAC site located in Tracy, California.
Its technology is also part of the Louisiana-based Project Cypress, created in partnership with Climeworks and Battelle and managed by the U.S Department of Energy (DOE)’s Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations (OCED).
Heirloom will operate two direct air capture plants in Louisiana, located at the Port of Caddo-Bossier in Shreveport. These facilities will have a combined annual CO2 capture and storage capacity of around 320,000 tonnes, with one of the plants scheduled to be operational in 2026.
Besides making headlines with carbon removal deals signed with industry titans the likes of Microsoft, Frontier and Shopify, in December 2024 the company also locked in a $150 million Series B funding to further enhance its operations.ess model and develop its technology at scale. The company plans to not build and operate large-scale DAC facilities itself, but rather sell its technology for other companies to do that.
Mission Zero Technologies
А spin-out of Deep Science Ventures – an accelerator working with scientists to build new technologies, London-based Mission Zero Technologies is a direct air capture startup founded in 2020.
Its technology captures CO2 from the atmosphere thanks to an ion-selective electrochemical separation process that continuously and efficiently takes CO2 from the air and concentrates it as a pure gas.
Leveraging existing, scaled and mature technologies such as cooling towers and electrochemical water purification, this electrochemical separation process is said to consume 3-4 times less energy than other thermal regeneration approaches.
Back in 2023, the company deployed its first commercially-financed DAC system in the UK, sold to the University of Sheffield’s Translational Energy Research Centre (TERC) to help with the production of sustainable aviation fuel.
In a Series A funding round, the company raised $27.7 million (£21.8 million), powering its ambition to unlock megatonne annual CO2 removal capacity by the end of the decade.
Via a partnership with Canada-based carbon removal developer Deep Sky, Mission Zero Technologies has deployed its systems at the Deep Sky Labs facility, created to serve as a testing ground for emerging CO2 removal technologies.
In 2024, its shared initiative with Oman-based carbon mineralization company 44.01, called Project Hajar, was named as a top 20 finalist in the XPRIZE carbon removal competition.
Octavia Carbon
Kenya-based Octavia Carbon is a pioneering DAC company active in the Global South.
Founded in 2022 by Martin Freimüller and co-founders, the company has made the list of the top 20 finalists selected to compete in the XPRIZE Carbon Removal competition.
Its decarbonization approach relies on the bountiful geothermal resources in Kenya’s Rift Valley to provide a DAC system that captures CO2 directly from the atmosphere.
The captured CO2 is stored underground, where it mineralizes into solid rock, providing a reliable pathway for permanently removing excess emissions.
For the storage and mineralization part of operations, Octavia Carbon has partnered with geologic CO2 sequestration company Cella.
In October 2024, the company raised $5 million in seed funding, securing $1.1 million from contracted pre-sales of carbon removal credits.
Octavia Carbon is developing its flagship project named Hummingbird, a DAC+Storage pilot plant projected to have an initial removal capacity of 250 metric tons of carbon, intending to grow to a 1,000 tons per year.
This project, developed with the help of Cella, will also host the first DAC digital monitoring, reporting, and verification (dMRV) mechanism , which Octavia Carbon has created in partnership with Carbonfuture.
Following a thorough evaluation process, in 2024, Octavia Carbon received the highest-possible rating from BeZero, a move that practically ranked the company in the top ~0.1% of all projects that have received a rating from this agency.
Looking to establish an environmentally and socially harmonious presence in Kenya, in 2025, Octavia Carbon announced an elaborate Community Engagement Strategy, demonstrating its commitment to build meaningful, long-term relationships with the local population.
Origen
Origen is a company focused on developing limestone-based DAC at scale.
Its innovative approach addresses some of the major challenges related to DAC technology, such as high operational costs and intense energy needs.
For its limestone-based DAC, the company employs a green lime kiln with a proprietary design. The kiln, used to extract the CO2 trapped in the limestone, is fuel flexible, which means it has the ability to be low electricity-demand.
Another one of its key tech features is the low-intensity contactor, facilitating the occurrence of natural chemistry in the calcium-carbon loop for passive CO2 capture.
Additionally, for its DAC operations, Origen has engineered a high performance calcium oxide, also known as lime that was enhanced via the company’s breakthrough proprietary processing to maximize its ability to remove CO2 from the air.
In the last several years, Origen made many strides in its development, introducing an industrial scale pilot for its DAC technology, an R&D facility, and a series of strategic commercial partnerships.
In 2023, Origen was a partner on a DOE funded DAC Hub feasibility study in California, as part of a team co-led by Berkeley Lab.
XPRIZE also recognized the company’s potential, ranking it among the top 100 most promising carbon removal companies in the world.
Last year, Origen signed an agreement with Shell US Gas & Power LLC Mitsubishi Corporation to collaborate on the engineering studies for the Pelican Direct Air Capture Hub planned for construction in southern Louisiana.
Working towards commercial limestone-DAC development, Origen has teamed up with the the Energy and Environmental Research Center (“EERC”) in North Dakota, to demonstrate its technology at a 1,000 tonnes per year carbon capture scale.
This project is expected to come online in 2025, and in the meantime, at the beginning of the year, Origen successfully closed a Series A funding round, locking in $13 million to advance its projects.
Phlair
Based in Munich, Germany, Phlair has emerged as a trailblazer in the carbon removal sphere with its innovative Hydrolyzer-based DAC technology.
Established in 2022, the company is driven by a team of scientists, engineers and experienced entrepreneurs looking to deliver the most cost-effective and scalable DAC system.
Using electricity, water and salt, the company’s technology captures atmospheric CO2 to produce a high-purity CO2 gas that can be permanently stored or used for the production of carbon-negative chemicals.
Once ambient air enters the Phlair DAC mechanism, the CO2 gets absorbed by a basified solvent. From there, the CO2-saturated solvent is mixed with acid, rendering the pH level. As a result from this process, the carbon dioxide is released as a gas ready for storage or utilization.
Using the clean solvent, Phlair’s proprietary Hydrolyzer, powered by renewables, generates fresh acid and base to repeat the first steps of the DAC process.
The novel Hydrolyzer mechanism can be switched up and down depending on the availability of clean (and affordable) electricity, acting as a kind of a chemical battery that allows for low operational costs.
In September 2024, Phlair raised nearly $16 million (€14.5 million) in seed funding, while in 2025, it secured a removal investment from the Frontier Commitment worth $30.6 million.
Looking ahead, by 2026, the company aims to develop two 260-ton-per-year pilot plants and a larger commercial plant capable of capturing over 20,000 tons of CO2 annually.
Removr
Removr is a Norwegian direct air capture startup founded in 2022.
It is 60% owned by Vanir Green Industries – a Nordic investment company committed to driving the energy transition, and 40% owned by GreenCap Solutions – a Norwegian environmental technology provider of CO2 removal solutions.
Its DAC approach involves removing CO2 from the atmosphere by blowing large amounts of air through a zeolite molecular sieve.
When the zeolite gets saturated with CO2, it is heated to release the CO2 gas, which can then be extracted as a separate CO2 stream and sequestered. The technology has been used for decades in the space and petroleum industry.
In 2022, the company partnered with Carbfix for its first demo project for a Direct Air Capture facility in Iceland.
The following year, Removr received a $3.4 million ( NOK 36.3 million) in governmental backing for the development of an industrial-scale pilot to be hosted at the Technology Centre Mongstad in Norway.
Removr is also part of the consortium awarded $3 million by the US DOE for conducting feasibility studies for the Ankeron Carbon Management Hub in the Pacific Northwest’s Columbia River Basin.
As the company focuses on delivering their industrial-scale pilot DAC facilities in Iceland, it has entered into a partnership with sustainable consulting company Stantec, who will provide logistics and project delivery expertise for this undertaking.
RepAir Carbon
Founded in 2020, Israeli direct air capture company RepAir drew attention in the decarbonization sector with its energy efficient approach powered by renewables.
Its fully electric technology is said to function with zero-heat and minimal energy, without the need of liquids or solvents, producing no waste or hazardous materials during its operations.
According to the company, this process consumes 70% less energy compared to conventional carbon capture methods.
Powered by wind and solar, its systems enable cost reductions that bring the carbon removal price to only $70 per ton of CO2 – a significant markdown from the $100/tonne industry benchmark.
RepAir’s DAC solution is also modular, signaling strong potential for streamlined scaling towards gigaton carbon removal levels.
Towards the end of 2022, the company secured $10 million in a Series A funding round. The following year, RepAir revealed its field prototype, demonstrating the technical performance of its solution in an operational environment for the first time.
Following these developments, the company embarked on several key collaborations, teaming up with CO2 storage tech company Cella to develop a DAC project in Kenya, partnering with EnEarth to advance a DAC project in Greece and joining forces with C-Questra to develop Europe’s first onshore Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACS) project in France.
In 2025, RepAir also agreed to provide technology for the Pelican DAC hub project in Louisiana, developed by Shell US Gas and Power, LLC (Shell) and Mitsubishi Corporation (Americas).
Sirona
Sirona Technologies is a Belgium-based company, using a DAC approach that involves the use of solid sorbents as the chemical filter.
Launched at the beginning of 2023, the company financed its activities with a $1.09 million pre-seed funding, topped off with a second round of seed funding in 2024, where Sirona locked in another $6.4 million.
Sirona’s co-founder Thoralf Gutierrez, a former Tesla engineer, has leveraged the expertise acquired at its previous job to to scale the company in a record time.
After existing for only two months, Sirona managed to built its first prototype, and six months later it was testing generation three of its product, boasting an efficiency increase of 100x over the first version.
With a focus on the rapid scaling of DAC, the company has partnered with carbon mineralization specialist Cella to build one of the first Direct Air Capture (DAC) Hubs in Kenya.
Positioned along the Great Rift Valley at Lake Elementaita, this DAC initiative called Project Jacaranda was officially launched in February 2025.
The site is intended to serve as a demonstration of Sirona’s modular approach, where DAC units are built on an assembly line, integrated into plug-and-play shipping containers, and deployed in a fast manner to answer the growing global demand for climate solutions.
Skytree
Created as a spin-out from the European Space Agency (ESA), Skytree is focused on developing decentralized direct air capture units.
Its series of modular Skytree Cumulus DAC units are applicable in indoor farming, building air filtration, water treatment, energy storage, and automotive.
These novel systems produce an onsite CO2 stream, offering a much more convenient solution for companies who use CO2 in their processes and typically spend money and time in sourcing it from elsewhere.
They also correspond to the needs of organizations looking to achieve carbon neutrality in their operations.
In 2024, the company introduced an upgraded series of its units called Skytree Stratus, which boast a significantly larger carbon capture capacity than Skytree Cumulus. Later, the company also released its modular solution named the Stratus Hub.
Skytree has experienced a steady growth path paved with dynamic and successful developments.
Its technology has been deployed at the Deep Sky Labs facility in Canada, while a partnership with Finland-based manufacturing firm Scanfil has boosted the development of new DAC units in the US and Europe.
Additionally, Skytree teamed up with Purolite to work on creating a next-gen, energy- and cost-efficient carbon capture material.
At the end of 2024, the company acquired Dutch direct air capture startup ReCarbn, enriching its portfolio with valuable technology innovations and welcoming its founders in new leadership positions.
Skytree also established a new headquarters in Toronto, Canada, and a new satellite office in Nashville, Tennessee, expanding its presence in North America.
In 2025, Skytree, along with Return Carbon, was chosen by EDF Renewables North America to collaborate on the development of a direct air capture technology park in Texas.
Soletair Power
This Finnish technology company was founded in 2016 with the vision of turning buildings into carbon sinks by integrating DAC with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).
Soletair Power produces plug-and-play modular DAC devices that can be integrated into buildings with ventilation of 3 m³/s, where each HVAC-integrated DAC unit can capture up to 20 tons of CO2 per year.
If building ventilation runtime is controlled by CO2 levels, the system will also help lower the costs of HVAC energy usage. Additionally, if a building is powered by renewables, the DAC units will enable a 100% carbon sink building.
Using a proprietary Amine-functionalized solid sorbent, the company’s DAC method is based on a temperature vacuum swing adsorption process.
In 2017, during its second year of operations, the company launched its first pilot, proceeding to receive private and national funding the following year. In 2020, Soletair secured a second national funding that propelled the development of a Power-to-X Demo Unit, capable of creating synthetic fuel out of thin air.
Since then, the company has delivered successful pilots, including one containerized outdoor carbon dioxide capture unit at ZBT in Germany and a second one deployed at the Wärtsilä Sustainable Technology Hub in Vaasa, Finland.
As its solution piqued the interest of global industrial players, in 2024, the company partnered with a Finnish factory in Vantaa for creating X product from CO2 captured by a HVAC-Integrated DAC Unit.
In 2025, Soletair joined forces with other companies for the use of capured CO2 in product manufacturing. These collaborations include one with Carbonaide for the production of concrete, another one with Hong Kong microalgae expert ALcarbo , and a sustainable aviation fuel collab with Liquid Sun.
Spiritus
Founded in 2020, Spiritus is a US-based CDR developer, centered around delivering large scale DAC at a much more affordable rate than conventional solutions of this kind.
Named as one of top 100 most promising carbon removal companies by XPRIZE, the company’s ambition is to be able to reduce DAC costs by about 90%, brining the price down to the coveted $100 per ton.
This vision is moved by a novel DAC technology that originally spun out of Los Alamos National Laboratory.
The system employs a proprietary sorbent material which the company calls ‘fruit’, that passively adsorbs CO2 from the air at a fraction of the cost of other sorbents.
The fruit is placed in ‘trees’ that make up a Carbon Orchard, with a centralized desorption system that extracts the captured CO2 before returning the fruit to the trees to restart the cycle.
This modular, passive air contact approach greatly reduces energy requirements compared to fan-based DAC systems.
To advance its technology, Spiritus signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with global energy and chemicals giant Aramco, having received an equity investment from Aramco Ventures in November 2023.
In mid-2024, Spiritus hired James Burbridge, a former Director of North America Advisory at Carbon Direct, as its Director of Business Development. The company’s carbon removal infrastructure division is spearheaded by Mindy Ren, a professional that previously worked at Tesla Inc., Meta Platforms Inc. and ExxonMobil Corp.
Also in 2024, the company announced its first “Carbon Orchard” DAC and sequestration site in Central Wyoming, dubbed Orchard One.
Projected to be one of the world’s largest DAC facilities, the site will have an annual capture and sequestration capacity of up to two megatons of atmospheric CO2.
This facility is expected to begin carbon removal operations in 2026.
Another facility in Lee’s Summit, Missouri, called Garden One, will produce the sorbent used in this DAC technology.
Towards the end of 2025, Spiritus announced that it is launching a pilot demonstration plant in New Mexico, located on tribal land in Nambé Pueblo.
In an Aramco-led Series A funding round, in March 2025, Spiritus successfully raised $30 million to further advance its DAC technology.
